| Documentation Contents

# Permissions in the Java™ SE 6 Development Kit (JDK)

A permission represents access to a system resource. In order for a resource access to be allowed for an applet (or an application running with a security manager), the corresponding permission must be explicitly granted to the code attempting the access.

A permission typically has a name (often referred to as a "target name") and, in some cases, a comma-separated list of one or more actions. For example, the following code creates a FilePermission object representing read access to the file named `abc` in the `/tmp` directory:

>     perm = new java.io.FilePermission("/tmp/abc", "read");

In this, the target name is "`/tmp/abc`" and the action string is "`read`".

> Important Note: The above statement creates a permission object. A permission object represents, but does not grant access to, a system resource. Permission objects are constructed and assigned ("granted") to code based on the policy in effect. When a permission object is assigned to some code, that code is granted the permission to access the system resource specified in the permission object, in the specified manner. A permission object may also be constructed by the current security manager when making access decisions. In this case, the (target) permission object is created based on the requested access, and checked against the permission objects granted to and held by the code making the request.

The policy for a Java application environment is represented by a Policy object. In the Policy reference implementation, the policy can be specified within one or more policy configuration files. The policy file(s) specify what permissions are allowed for code from specified code sources. A sample policy file entry granting code from the `/home/sysadmin` directory read access to the file `/tmp/abc` is

>     grant codeBase "file:/home/sysadmin/" {
>         permission java.io.FilePermission "/tmp/abc", "read";
>     };

For information about policy file locations and granting permissions in policy files, see Default Policy Implementation and Policy File Syntax. For information about using the Policy Tool to specify the permissions, see the Policy Tool documentation (for Solaris) (for Windows). Using the Policy Tool saves typing and eliminates the need for you to know the required syntax of policy files.

Technically, whenever a resource access is attempted, all code traversed by the execution thread up to that point must have permission for that resource access, unless some code on the thread has been marked as "privileged." See API for Privileged Blocks for more information about "privileged" code.

This document contains tables that describe the built-in JDK permission types and discuss the risks of granting each permission. It also contains tables showing the methods that require permissions to be in effect in order to be successful, and for each lists the required permission.

The tables are the following:

  Permission Descriptions and Risks
    `java.security.AllPermission`
    `java.security.SecurityPermission`
    `java.security.UnresolvedPermission`
    `java.awt.AWTPermission`
    `java.io.FilePermission`
    `java.io.SerializablePermission`
    `java.lang.reflect.ReflectPermission`
    `java.lang.RuntimePermission`
      - NIO-Related Targets
    `java.net.NetPermission`
    `java.net.SocketPermission`
    `java.sql.SQLPermission`
    `java.util.PropertyPermission`
    `java.util.logging.LoggingPermission`
    `javax.net.ssl.SSLPermission`
    `javax.security.auth.AuthPermission`
    `javax.security.auth.PrivateCredentialPermission`
    `javax.security.auth.kerberos.DelegationPermission`
    `javax.security.auth.kerberos.ServicePermission`
    `javax.sound.sampled.AudioPermission`

  Methods and the Permissions They Require
  java.lang.SecurityManager Method Permission Checks

For more information about permissions, including the superclasses `java.security.Permission` and `java.security.BasicPermission`, and examples of creating permission objects and granting permissions, see the Security Architecture Specification.

# Permission Descriptions and Risks

> The following tables describe the built-in JDK permission types and discuss the risks of granting each permission.

> ## `AllPermission`

> > The `java.security.AllPermission` is a permission that implies all other permissions.

> > Note: Granting `AllPermission` should be done with extreme care, as it implies all other permissions. Thus, it grants code the ability to run with security disabled. Extreme caution should be taken before granting such a permission to code. This permission should be used only during testing, or in extremely rare cases where an application or applet is completely trusted and adding the necessary permissions to the policy is prohibitively cumbersome.

> ## `SecurityPermission`

> > A `java.security.SecurityPermission` is for security permissions. A `SecurityPermission` contains a name (also referred to as a "target name") but no actions list; you either have the named permission or you don't.

> > The target name is the name of a security configuration parameter (see below). Currently the `SecurityPermission` object is used to guard access to the `Policy`, `Security`, `Provider`, `Signer`, and `Identity` objects.

> > The following table lists all the possible `SecurityPermission` target names, and for each provides a description of what the permission allows and a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.

> > `java.security.SecurityPermission` Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `createAccessControlContext` | Creation of an `AccessControlContext` | This allows someone to instantiate an `AccessControlContext` with a `DomainCombiner`. Since `DomainCombiner`s are given a reference to the `ProtectionDomain`s currently on the stack, this could potentially lead to a privacy leak if the `DomainCombiner` is malicious.
> > `getDomainCombiner` | Retrieval of an `AccessControlContext`'s `DomainCombiner` | This allows someone to query the policy via the getPermissions call, which discloses which permissions would be granted to a given CodeSource. While revealing the policy does not compromise the security of the system, it does provide malicious code with additional information which it may use to better aim an attack. It is wise not to divulge more information than necessary.
> > `getPolicy` | Retrieval of the system-wide security policy (specifically, of the currently-installed Policy object) | This allows someone to query the policy via the `getPermissions` call, which discloses which permissions would be granted to a given `CodeSource`. While revealing the policy does not compromise the security of the system, it does provide malicious code with additional information which it may use to better aim an attack. It is wise not to divulge more information than necessary.
> > `setPolicy` | Setting of the system-wide security policy (specifically, the Policy object) | Granting this permission is extremely dangerous, as malicious code may grant itself all the necessary permissions it needs to successfully mount an attack on the system.
> > `createPolicy.{policy type}` | Getting an instance of a Policy via Policy.getInstance | Granting this permission enables code to obtain a Policy object. Malicious code may query the Policy object to determine what permissions have been granted to code other than itself.
> > `getProperty.{key}` | Retrieval of the security property with the specified key | Depending on the particular key for which access has been granted, the code may have access to the list of security providers, as well as the location of the system-wide and user security policies. while revealing this information does not compromise the security of the system, it does provide malicious code with additional information which it may use to better aim an attack.
> > `setProperty.{key}` | Setting of the security property with the specified key | This could include setting a security provider or defining the location of the the system-wide security policy. Malicious code that has permission to set a new security provider may set a rogue provider that steals confidential information such as cryptographic private keys. In addition, malicious code with permission to set the location of the system-wide security policy may point it to a security policy that grants the attacker all the necessary permissions it requires to successfully mount an attack on the system.
> > `insertProvider.{provider name}` | Addition of a new provider, with the specified name | This would allow somebody to introduce a possibly malicious provider (e.g., one that discloses the private keys passed to it) as the highest-priority provider. This would be possible because the Security object (which manages the installed providers) currently does not check the integrity or authenticity of a provider before attaching it.
> > `removeProvider.{provider name}` | Removal of the specified provider | This may change the behavior or disable execution of other parts of the program. If a provider subsequently requested by the program has been removed, execution may fail. Also, if the removed provider is not explicitly requested by the rest of the program, but it would normally be the provider chosen when a cryptography service is requested (due to its previous order in the list of providers), a different provider will be chosen instead, or no suitable provider will be found, thereby resulting in program failure.
> > `setSystemScope` | Setting of the system identity scope | This would allow an attacker to configure the system identity scope with certificates that should not be trusted, thereby granting applet or application code signed with those certificates privileges that would have been denied by the system's original identity scope
> > `setIdentityPublicKey` | Setting of the public key for an Identity | If the identity is marked as "trusted", this allows an attacker to introduce a different public key (e.g., its own) that is not trusted by the system's identity scope, thereby granting applet or application code signed with that public key privileges that would have been denied otherwise.
> > `setIdentityInfo` | Setting of a general information string for an Identity | This allows attackers to set the general description for an identity. This may trick applications into using a different identity than intended or may prevent applications from finding a particular identity.
> > `addIdentityCertificate` | Addition of a certificate for an Identity | This allows attackers to set a certificate for an identity's public key. This is dangerous because it affects the trust relationship across the system. This public key suddenly becomes trusted to a wider audience than it otherwise would be.
> > `removeIdentityCertificate` | Removal of a certificate for an Identity | This allows attackers to remove a certificate for an identity's public key. This is dangerous because it affects the trust relationship across the system. This public key suddenly becomes considered less trustworthy than it otherwise would be.
> > `printIdentity` | Viewing the name of a principal and optionally the scope in which it is used, and whether or not it is considered "trusted" in that scope. | The scope that is printed out may be a filename, in which case it may convey local system information. For example, here's a sample printout of an identity named "carol", who is marked not trusted in the user's identity database: carol[/home/luehe/identitydb.obj][not trusted]
> > `clearProviderProperties.{provider name}` | "Clearing" of a Provider so that it no longer contains the properties used to look up services implemented by the provider | This disables the lookup of services implemented by the provider. This may thus change the behavior or disable execution of other parts of the program that would normally utilize the Provider, as described under the "removeProvider.{provider name}" permission.
> > `putProviderProperty.{provider name}` | Setting of properties for the specified Provider | The provider properties each specify the name and location of a particular service implemented by the provider. By granting this permission, you let code replace the service specification with another one, thereby specifying a different implementation.
> > `removeProviderProperty.{provider name}` | Removal of properties from the specified Provider | This disables the lookup of services implemented by the provider. They are no longer accessible due to removal of the properties specifying their names and locations. This may change the behavior or disable execution of other parts of the program that would normally utilize the Provider, as described under the "removeProvider.{provider name}" permission.
> > `getSignerPrivateKey` | Retrieval of a Signer's private key | It is very dangerous to allow access to a private key; private keys are supposed to be kept secret. Otherwise, code can use the private key to sign various files and claim the signature came from the Signer.
> > `setSignerKeyPair` | Setting of the key pair (public key and private key) for a Signer | This would allow an attacker to replace somebody else's (the "target's") keypair with a possibly weaker keypair (e.g., a keypair of a smaller keysize). This also would allow the attacker to listen in on encrypted communication between the target and its peers. The target's peers might wrap an encryption session key under the target's "new" public key, which would allow the attacker (who possesses the corresponding private key) to unwrap the session key and decipher the communication data encrypted under that session key.

> ## `UnresolvedPermission`

> > The `java.security.UnresolvedPermission` class is used to hold `Permission`s that were "unresolved" when the `Policy` was initialized. An unresolved permission is one whose actual `Permission` class does not yet exist at the time the `Policy` is initialized (see below).

> > The policy for a Java runtime (specifying which permissions are available for code from various principals) is represented by a `Policy` object. Whenever a `Policy` is initialized or refreshed, `Permission` objects of appropriate classes are created for all permissions allowed by the `Policy`.

> > Many permission class types referenced by the policy configuration are ones that exist locally (i.e., ones that can be found on CLASSPATH). Objects for such permissions can be instantiated during `Policy` initialization. For example, it is always possible to instantiate a `java.io.FilePermission`, since the `FilePermission` class is found on the CLASSPATH.

> > Other permission classes may not yet exist during `Policy` initialization. For example, a referenced permission class may be in a JAR file that will later be loaded. For each such class, an `UnresolvedPermission` is instantiated. Thus, an `UnresolvedPermission` is essentially a "placeholder" containing information about the permission.

> > Later, when code calls `AccessController.checkPermission` on a permission of a type that was previously unresolved, but whose class has since been loaded, previously-unresolved permissions of that type are "resolved". That is, for each such `UnresolvedPermission`, a new object of the appropriate class type is instantiated, based on the information in the `UnresolvedPermission`. This new object replaces the `UnresolvedPermission`, which is removed.

> ## `AWTPermission`

> > A `java.awt.AWTPermission` is for AWT permissions.

> > The following table lists all the possible `AWTPermission` target names, and for each provides a description of what the permission allows and a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.

> > java.awt.AWTPermission Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `accessClipboard` | Posting and retrieval of information to and from the AWT clipboard | This would allow malfeasant code to share potentially sensitive or confidential information.
> > `accessEventQueue` | Access to the AWT event queue | After retrieving the AWT event queue, malicious code may peek at and even remove existing events from the system, as well as post bogus events which may purposefully cause the application or applet to misbehave in an insecure manner.
> > `createRobot` | Create `java.awt.Robot` objects | The `java.awt.Robot` object allows code to generate native-level mouse and keyboard events as well as read the screen. It could allow malicious code to control the system, run other programs, read the display, and deny mouse and keyboard access to the user.
> > `listenToAllAWTEvents` | Listen to all AWT events, system-wide | After adding an AWT event listener, malicious code may scan all AWT events dispatched in the system, allowing it to read all user input (such as passwords). Each AWT event listener is called from within the context of that event queue's `EventDispatchThread`, so if the accessEventQueue permission is also enabled, malicious code could modify the contents of AWT event queues system-wide, causing the application or applet to misbehave in an insecure manner.
> > `readDisplayPixels` | Readback of pixels from the display screen | Interfaces such as the `java.awt.Composite` interface which allow arbitrary code to examine pixels on the display enable malicious code to snoop on the activities of the user.
> > `showWindowWithoutWarningBanner` | Display of a window without also displaying a banner warning that the window was created by an applet | Without this warning, an applet may pop up windows without the user knowing that they belong to an applet. Since users may make security-sensitive decisions based on whether or not the window belongs to an applet (entering a username and password into a dialog box, for example), disabling this warning banner may allow applets to trick the user into entering such information.

> ## `FilePermission`

> > A `java.io.FilePermission` represents access to a file or directory. A `FilePermission` consists of a pathname and a set of actions valid for that pathname.

> > Pathname is the pathname of the file or directory granted the specified actions. A pathname that ends in "/*" (where "/" is the file separator character, `File.separatorChar`) indicates a directory and all the files contained in that directory. A pathname that ends with "/-" indicates a directory and (recursively) all files and subdirectories contained in that directory. A pathname consisting of the special token "<<ALL FILES>>" matches any file.

> > A pathname consisting of a single "*" indicates all the files in the current directory, while a pathname consisting of a single "-" indicates all the files in the current directory and (recursively) all files and subdirectories contained in the current directory.

> > The actions to be granted are passed to the constructor in a string containing a list of zero or more comma-separated keywords. The possible keywords are "read", "write", "execute", and "delete". Their meaning is defined as follows:

> > `read` | Permission to read.
> > `write` | Permission to write (which includes permission to create).
> > `execute` | Permission to execute. Allows `Runtime.exec` to be called. Corresponds to `SecurityManager.checkExec`.
> > `delete` | Permission to delete. Allows `File.delete` to be called. Corresponds to `SecurityManager.checkDelete`.

> > The actions string is converted to lowercase before processing.

> > Be careful when granting `FilePermission`s. Think about the implications of granting read and especially write access to various files and directories. The "<<ALL FILES>>" permission with write action is especially dangerous. This grants permission to write to the entire file system. One thing this effectively allows is replacement of the system binary, including the JVM runtime environment.

> > Note: code can always read a file from the same directory it's in (or a subdirectory of that directory); it does not need explicit permission to do so.

> ## `SerializablePermission`

> > A `java.io.SerializablePermission` is for serializable permissions. A `SerializablePermission` contains a name (also referred to as a "target name") but no actions list; you either have the named permission or you don't.

> > The target name is the name of the Serializable permission (see below).

> > The following table lists all the possible `SerializablePermission` target names, and for each provides a description of what the permission allows and a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.

> > `java.io.SerializablePermission` Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `enableSubclassImplementation` | Implementing a subclass of `ObjectOutputStream` or `ObjectInputStream` to override the default serialization or deserialization, respectively, of objects | Code can use this to serialize or deserialize classes in a purposefully malfeasant manner. For example, during serialization, malicious code can use this to purposefully store confidential private field data in a way easily accessible to attackers. Or, during deserializaiton it could, for example, deserialize a class with all its private fields zeroed out.
> > `enableSubstitution` | Substitution of one object for another during serialization or deserialization | This is dangerous because malicious code can replace the actual object with one which has incorrect or malignant data.

> ## `ReflectPermission`

> > A `java.lang.reflect.ReflectPermission` is for reflective operations. A ReflectPermission is a named permission and has no actions. The only name currently defined is `suppressAccessChecks`, which allows suppressing the standard language access checks -- for public, default (package) access, protected, and private members -- performed by reflected objects at their point of use.

> > The following table provides a summary description of what the permission allows, and discusses the risks of granting code the permission.

> > java.lang.reflect.ReflectPermission Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `suppressAccessChecks` | Warning: Extreme caution should be taken before granting this permission to code, for it provides the ability to access fields and invoke methods in a class. This includes not only public, but protected and private fields and methods as well. | This is dangerous in that information (possibly confidential) and methods normally unavailable would be accessible to malicious code.

> ## `RuntimePermission`

> > A `java.lang.RuntimePermission` is for runtime permissions. A `RuntimePermission` contains a name (also referred to as a "target name") but no actions list; you either have the named permission or you don't.

> > The target name is the name of the runtime permission (see below). The naming convention follows the hierarchical property naming convention. Also, an asterisk may appear at the end of the name, following a "`.`", or by itself, to signify a wildcard match. For example: "`loadLibrary.*`" or "`*`" is valid, "`*loadLibrary`" or "`a*b`" is not valid.

> > The following table lists all the possible `RuntimePermission` target names, and for each provides a description of what the permission allows and a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.

> > java.lang.RuntimePermission Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `createClassLoader` | Creation of a class loader | This is an extremely dangerous permission to grant. Malicious applications that can instantiate their own class loaders could then load their own rogue classes into the system. These newly loaded classes could be placed into any protection domain by the class loader, thereby automatically granting the classes the permissions for that domain.
> > `getClassLoader` | Retrieval of a class loader (e.g., the class loader for the calling class) | This would grant an attacker permission to get the class loader for a particular class. This is dangerous because having access to a class's class loader allows the attacker to load other classes available to that class loader. The attacker would typically otherwise not have access to those classes.
> > `setContextClassLoader` | Setting of the context class loader used by a thread | The context class loader is used by system code and extensions when they need to lookup resources that might not exist in the system class loader. Granting setContextClassLoader permission would allow code to change which context class loader is used for a particular thread, including system threads.
> > `setSecurityManager` | Setting of the security manager (possibly replacing an existing one) | The security manager is a class that allows applications to implement a security policy. Granting the setSecurityManager permission would allow code to change which security manager is used by installing a different, possibly less restrictive security manager, thereby bypassing checks that would have been enforced by the original security manager.
> > `createSecurityManager` | Creation of a new security manager | This gives code access to protected, sensitive methods that may disclose information about other classes or the execution stack.
> > `exitVM.{exit status}` | Halting of the Java Virtual Machine with the specified exit status | This allows an attacker to mount a denial-of-service attack by automatically forcing the virtual machine to halt.
> > `shutdownHooks` | Registration and cancellation of virtual-machine shutdown hooks | This allows an attacker to register a malicious shutdown hook that interferes with the clean shutdown of the virtual machine.
> > `setFactory` | Setting of the socket factory used by ServerSocket or Socket, or of the stream handler factory used by URL | This allows code to set the actual implementation for the socket, server socket, stream handler, or RMI socket factory. An attacker may set a faulty implementation which mangles the data stream.
> > `setIO` | Setting of System.out, System.in, and System.err | This allows changing the value of the standard system streams. An attacker may change System.in to monitor and steal user input, or may set System.err to a "null" OutputSteam, which would hide any error messages sent to System.err.
> > `modifyThread` | modification of threads, e.g., via calls to Thread >`stop, `suspend`, `resume`, `setPriority`, and `setName` methods` | This allows an attacker to start or suspend any thread in the system.
> > `stopThread` | Stopping of threads via calls to the Thread `stop` method | This allows code to stop any thread in the system provided that it is already granted permission to access that thread. This poses as a threat, because that code may corrupt the system by killing existing threads.
> > `modifyThreadGroup` | Creation or modification of thread groups (adding a thread to a thread group during thread creation or calling the ThreadGroup `destroy`, `resume`, `setDaemon`, `setMaxPriority`, `stop`, and `suspend` methods) | This allows an attacker to create threads in thread groups or to create and modify thread groups (setting their run priority, for example).
> > `getProtectionDomain` | Retrieval of the `ProtectionDomain` for a class | This allows code to obtain policy information for a particular code source. While obtaining policy information does not compromise the security of the system, it does give attackers additional information, such as local file names for example, to better aim an attack.
> > `readFileDescriptor` | Reading of file descriptors | This would allow code to read the particular file associated with the file descriptor read. This is dangerous if the file contains confidential data.
> > `writeFileDescriptor` | Writing to file descriptors | This allows code to write to a particular file associated with the descriptor. This is dangerous because it may allow malicous code to plant viruses or at the very least, fill up your entire disk.
> > `loadLibrary.{library name}` | Dynamic linking of the specified library | It is dangerous to allow an applet permission to load native code libraries, because the Java security architecture is not designed to and does not prevent malicious behavior at the level of native code.
> > `accessClassInPackage. {package name}` | Access to the specified package via a class loader's `loadClass` method when that class loader calls the SecurityManager `checkPackageAcesss` method | This gives code access to classes in packages to which it normally does not have access. Malicious code may use these classes to help in its attempt to compromise security in the system.
> > `defineClassInPackage. {package name}` | Definition of classes in the specified package, via a class loader's `defineClass` method when that class loader calls the SecurityManager `checkPackageDefinition` method. | This grants code permission to define a class in a particular package. This is dangerous because malicious code with this permission may define rogue classes in trusted packages like `java.security` or `java.lang`, for example.
> > `accessDeclaredMembers` | Warning: Extreme caution should be taken before granting this permission to code, for it provides access to the declared members of a class. | This grants code permission to query a class for its public, protected, default (package) access, and private fields and/or methods. Although the code would have access to the private and protected field and method names, it would not have access to the private/protected field data and would not be able to invoke any private methods. Nevertheless, malicious code may use this information to better aim an attack. Additionally, it may invoke any public methods and/or access public fields in the class. This could be dangerous if the code would normally not be able to invoke those methods and/or access the fields because it can't cast the object to the class/interface with those methods and fields.
> > `queuePrintJob` | Initiation of a print job request | This could print sensitive information to a printer, or simply waste paper.

> > ### NIO-Related Targets

> > > Two NIO-related `RuntimePermission` targets were added in the 1.4 release of the Java 2 SDK:

> > > >     selectorProvider
> > > >     charsetProvider

> > > These `RuntimePermission`s are required to be granted to classes which subclass and implement `java.nio.channel.spi.SelectorProvider` or `java.nio.charset.spi.CharsetProvider`. The permission is checked during invocation of the abstract base class constructor. These permissions ensure trust in classes which implement these security-sensitive provider mechanisms.

> > > See `java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider` and `java.nio.channels.spi.CharsetProvider` for more information.

> ## `NetPermission`

> > A `java.net.NetPermission` is for various network permissions. A `NetPermission` contains a name but no actions list; you either have the named permission or you don't.

> > The following table lists all the possible `NetPermission` target names, and for each provides a description of what the permission allows and a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.

> > `java.net.NetPermission` Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `setDefaultAuthenticator` | The ability to set the way authentication information is retrieved when a proxy or HTTP server asks for authentication | Malicious code can set an authenticator that monitors and steals user authentication input as it retrieves the input from the user.
> > `requestPasswordAuthentication` | The ability to ask the authenticator registered with the system for a password | Malicious code may steal this password.
> > `specifyStreamHandler` | The ability to specify a stream handler when constructing a URL | Malicious code may create a URL with resources that it would normally not have access to (like file:/foo/fum/), specifying a stream handler that gets the actual bytes from someplace it does have access to. Thus it might be able to trick the system into creating a ProtectionDomain/CodeSource for a class even though that class really didn't come from that location.

> ## `SocketPermission`

> > A `java.net.SocketPermission` represents access to a network via sockets. A SocketPermission consists of a host specification and a set of "actions" specifying ways to connect to that host. The host is specified as

> > >     host = (hostname | IPaddress)[:portrange]
> > >     portrange = portnumber | -portnumber | portnumber-[portnumber]

> > The host is expressed as a DNS name, as a numerical IP address, or as "localhost" (for the local machine). The wildcard "*" may be included once in a DNS name host specification. If it is included, it must be in the leftmost position, as in "*.sun.com".

> > The port or portrange is optional. A port specification of the form "N-", where N is a port number, signifies all ports numbered N and above, while a specification of the form "-N" indicates all ports numbered N and below.

> > The possible ways to connect to the host are

> >     accept
> >     connect
> >     listen
> >     resolve

> > The "listen" action is only meaningful when used with "localhost". The "resolve" (resolve host/ip name service lookups) action is implied when any of the other actions are present.

> > As an example of the creation and meaning of SocketPermissions, note that if you have the following entry in your policy file:

> > >     grant signedBy "mrm" {
> > >         permission java.net.SocketPermission "puffin.eng.sun.com:7777", "connect, accept";
> > >     };

> > this causes the following permission object to be generated and granted to code signed by "mrm."

> > >     p1 = new SocketPermission("puffin.eng.sun.com:7777", "connect,accept");

> > `p1` represents a permission allowing connections to port 7777 on `puffin.eng.sun.com`, and also accepting connections on that port.

> > Similarly, if you have the following entry in your policy:

> > >     grant signedBy "paul" {
> > >         permission java.net.SocketPermission "localhost:1024-", "accept, connect, listen";
> > >     };

> > this causes the following permission object to be generated and granted to code signed by "paul."

> > >     p2 = new SocketPermission("localhost:1024-", "accept,connect,listen");

> > `p2` represents a permission allowing accepting connections on, connecting to, or listening on any port between 1024 and 65535 on the local host.

> > Note: Granting code permission to accept or make connections to remote hosts may be dangerous because malevolent code can then more easily transfer and share confidential data among parties who may not otherwise have access to the data.

> ## `SQLPermission`

> > The permission for which the `SecurityManager` will check when code that is running in an applet calls one of the `setLogWriter` methods. These methods include those in the following list.

> > - `DriverManager.setLogWriter`
> > - `DriverManager.setLogStream` (deprecated)
> > - `javax.sql.DataSource.setLogWriter
> >   `
> > - `javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource.setLogWriter
> >   `
> > - `javax.sql.XADataSource.setLogWriter
> >   `

> > If there is no `SQLPermission` object, this method throws a `java.lang.SecurityException` as a runtime exception.

> > A `SQLPermission` object contains a name (also referred to as a "target name") but no actions list; there is either a named permission or there is not. The target name is the name of the permission (see below). The naming convention follows the hierarchical property naming convention. In addition, an asterisk may appear at the end of the name, following a ".", or by itself, to signify a wildcard match. For example: `loadLibrary.*` or `*` is valid, but `*loadLibrary` or `a*b` is not valid.

> > The following table lists all the possible `SQLPermission` target names. Currently, the only name allowed is `setLog`. The table gives a description of what the permission allows and a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.

> > Permission Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `setLog` | Setting of the logging stream | This is a dangerous permission to grant. The contents of the log may contain usernames and passwords, SQL statements, and SQL data.

> > The person running an applet decides what permissions to allow and will run the `Policy Tool` to create an `SQLPermission` in a policy file. A programmer does not use a constructor directly to create an instance of `SQLPermission` but rather uses a tool.

> ## `PropertyPermission`

> > A `java.util.PropertyPermission` is for property permissions.

> > The name is the name of the property ("java.home", "os.name", etc). The naming convention follows the hierarchical property naming convention. Also, an asterisk may appear at the end of the name, following a ".", or by itself, to signify a wildcard match. For example: "java.*" or "*" is valid, "*java" or "a*b" is not valid.

> > The actions to be granted are passed to the constructor in a string containing a list of zero or more comma-separated keywords. The possible keywords are "read" and "write". Their meaning is defined as follows:

> > `read` | Permission to read. Allows `System.getProperty` to be called.
> > `write` | Permission to write. Allows `System.setProperty` to be called.

> > The actions string is converted to lowercase before processing.

> > Care should be taken before granting code permission to access certain system properties. For example, granting permission to access the "java.home" system property gives potentially malevolent code sensitive information about the system environment (the location of the runtime environment's directory). Also, granting permission to access the "user.name" and "user.home" system properties gives potentially malevolent code sensitive information about the user environment (the user's account name and home directory).

> ## `LoggingPermission`

> > A `SecurityManager` will check the `java.util.logging.LoggingPermission` object when code running with a `SecurityManager` calls one of the logging control methods (such as `Logger.setLevel`).

> > Currently there is only one named `LoggingPermission`, "`control`". `control` grants the ability to control the logging configuration; for example by adding or removing Handlers, by adding or removing Filters, or by changing logging levels.

> > Normally you do not create `LoggingPermission` objects directly; instead they are created by the security policy code based on reading the security policy file.

> ## `SSLPermission`

> > The `javax.net.ssl.SSLPermission` class is for various network permissions. An `SSLPermission` contains a name (also referred to as a "target name") but no actions list; you either have the named permission or you don't.

> > The target name is the name of the network permission (see below). The naming convention follows the hierarchical property naming convention. Also, an asterisk may appear at the end of the name, following a "`.`", or by itself, to signify a wildcard match. For example: "`foo.*`" or "`*`" is valid, "`*foo`" or "`a*b`" is not valid.

> > The following table lists all the possible SSLPermission target names, and for each provides a description of what the permission allows and a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.

> > Permission Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `setHostnameVerifier` | The ability to set a callback which can decide whether to allow a mismatch between the host being connected to by an `HttpsURLConnection` and the common name field in server certificate. | Malicious code can set a verifier that monitors host names visited by `HttpsURLConnection` requests or that allows server certificates with invalid common names.
> > `getSSLSessionContext` | The ability to get the `SSLSessionContext` of an `SSLSession`. | Malicious code may monitor sessions which have been established with SSL peers or might invalidate sessions to slow down performance.
> > `setDefaultSSLContext` | The ability to set the default SSL context. | When applications use default SSLContext, by setting the default SSL context, malicious code may use unproved trust material, key material and random generator, or use dangerous SSL socket factory and SSL server socket factory.

> ## `AuthPermission`

> > The `javax.security.auth.AuthPermission` class is for authentication permissions. An `AuthPermission` contains a name (also referred to as a "target name") but no actions list; you either have the named permission or you don't.

> > Currently the `AuthPermission` object is used to guard access to the `Subject`, `SubjectDomainCombiner`, `LoginContext` and `Configuration` objects.

> > The following table lists all the possible `AuthPermission` target names, and for each provides a description of what the permission allows and a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.

> > Permission Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `doAs` | Invocation of the `Subject.doAs` methods | This enables an application to invoke code (Actions) under the identity of any `Subject` specified to the `doAs` method.
> > `doAsPrivileged` | Invocation of the `Subject.doAsPrivileged` methods | This enables an application to invoke code (Actions) under the identity of any `Subject` specified to the `doAsPrivileged` method. Additionally, the caller may remove itself from the call stack (and hence from subsequent security decisions) if it passes `null` as the `AccessControlContext`.
> > `getSubject` | Retrieving the `Subject` from the provided `AccessControlContext` | This permits an application to gain access to an authenticated `Subject`. The application can then access the Subject's authenticated Principals and public credentials.
> > `getSubjectFromDomainCombiner` | Retrieving the `Subject` from a `SubjectDomainCombiner` | This permits an application to gain access to the authenticated `Subject` associated with a `SubjectDomainCombiner`. The application can then access the Subject's authenticated Principals and public credentials.
> > `setReadOnly` | Setting a `Subject` read-only | This permits an application to set a Subject's `Principal`, public credential and private credential sets to be read-only. This can be potentially used as a type of denial of service attack.
> > `modifyPrincipals` | Make modifications to a Subject's `Principal` set | Access control decisions are based on the Principals associated with a `Subject`. This permission permits an application to make any modifications to a Subject's `Principal` set, thereby affecting subsequent security decisions.
> > `modifyPublicCredentials` | Make modifications to a Subject's public credential set | This permission permits an application to add or remove public credentials from a `Subject`. This may affect code that relies on the proper set of private credentials to exist in that `Subject`.
> > `modifyPrivateCredentials` | Make modifications to a Subject's private credential set | This permission permits an application to add or remove private credentials from a `Subject`. This may affect code that relies on the proper set of private credentials to exist in that `Subject`.
> > `refreshCredential` | Refresh a credential `Object` that implements the `Refreshable` interface | This permission permits an application to refresh a credential that is intended to expire.
> > `destroyCredential` | Destroy a credential `Object` that implements the `Destroyable` interface | This permission permits an application to potentially destroy a credential as a denial of service attack.
> > `createLoginContext.{name}` | Instantiate a `LoginContext` with the specified name | For security purposes, an administrator might not want an application to be able to authenticate to any `LoginModule`. This permission permits an application to authenticate to the LoginModules configured for the specified name.
> > `getLoginConfiguration` | Retrieve the system-wide login `Configuration` | Allows an application to determine all the LoginModules that are configured for every application in the system.
> > `getLoginConfiguration` | Retrieve the system-wide login `Configuration` | Allows an application to determine all the LoginModules that are configured for every application in the system.
> > `setLoginConfiguration` | Set the system-wide login `Configuration` | Allows an application to configure the LoginModules for every application in the system.
> > `createLoginConfiguration.{configuration type}` | Obtain a Configuration object via Configuration.getInstance | Allows an application to see all the LoginModules that are specified in the configuration.
> > `refreshLoginConfiguration` | Refresh the system-wide login `Configuration` | Allows an application to refresh the login `Configuration`.

> ## `PrivateCredentialPermission`

> > The `javax.security.auth.PrivateCredentialPermission` class is used to protect access to private Credentials belonging to a particular `Subject`. The `Subject` is represented by a Set of Principals.

> > The target name of this `Permission` specifies a `Credential` class name, and a Set of Principals. The only valid value for this `Permission`'s actions is, "read". The target name must abide by the following syntax:

> > >     CredentialClass {PrincipalClass "PrincipalName"}*

> > For example, the following permission grants access to the `com.sun.PrivateCredential` owned by `Subject`s which have a `com.sun.Principal` with the name, "`duke`".

> > Note: Although this example, as well as all the examples below, do not contain `Codebase`, `SignedBy`, or `Principal` information in the grant statement (for simplicity reasons), actual policy configurations should specify that information when appropriate.

> > >     grant {
> > >         permission javax.security.auth.PrivateCredentialPermission
> > >                  "com.sun.PrivateCredential com.sun.Principal \"duke\"",
> > >                  "read";
> > >     };

> > If `CredentialClass` is "`*`", then access is granted to all private `Credential`s belonging to the specified `Subject`. If "`PrincipalName`" is "`*`", then access is granted to the specified `Credential` owned by any `Subject` that has the specified `Principal` (the actual `PrincipalName` doesn't matter). For example, the following grants access to the `a.b.Credential` owned by any `Subject` that has an `a.b.Principal`.

> > >     grant {
> > >         permission javax.security.auth.PrivateCredentialPermission
> > >                  "a.b.Credential a.b.Principal "*"",
> > >                  "read";
> > >     };

> > If both the `PrincipalClass` and "`PrincipalName`" are "`*`", then access is granted to the specified `Credential` owned by any `Subject`. In addition, the `PrincipalClass`/`PrincipalName` pairing may be repeated:

> > >     grant {
> > >         permission javax.security.auth.PrivateCredentialPermission
> > >                  "a.b.Credential a.b.Principal "duke" c.d.Principal "dukette"",
> > >                  "read";
> > >     };

> > The above code grants access to the private `Credential`, "`a.b.Credential`", belonging to a `Subject` with at least two associated `Principal`s: "`a.b.Principal`" with the name, "`duke`", and "`c.d.Principal`", with the name, "`dukette`".

> ## `DelegationPermission`

> > The `javax.security.auth.kerberos.DelegationPermission` class is used to restrict the usage of the Kerberos delegation model; ie, forwardable and proxiable tickets.

> > The target name of this Permission specifies a pair of kerberos service principals. The first is the subordinate service principal being entrusted to use the Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT). The second service principal designates the target service the subordinate service principal is to interact with on behalf of the initiating `KerberosPrincipal`. This latter service principal is specified to restrict the use of a proxiable ticket.

> > For example, to specify the "host" service use of a forwardable TGT, the target permission is specified as follows:

> > >     DelegationPermission("\"host/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM\" \"krbtgt/EXAMPLE.COM@EXAMPLE.COM\"");

> > To give the "backup" service a proxiable NFS service ticket, the target permission might be specified:

> > >     DelegationPermission("\"backup/bar.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM\" \"nfs/home.EXAMPLE.COM@EXAMPLE.COM\"");

> ## `ServicePermission`

> > The `javax.security.auth.kerberos.ServicePermission` class is used to protect Kerberos services and the credentials necessary to access those services. There is a one to one mapping of a service principal and the credentials necessary to access the service. Therefore granting access to a service principal implicitly grants access to the credential necessary to establish a security context with the service principal. This applies regardless of whether the credentials are in a cache or acquired via an exchange with the KDC. The credential can be either a ticket granting ticket, a service ticket or a secret key from a key table.

> > A `ServicePermission` contains a service principal name and a list of actions which specify the context the credential can be used within.

> > The service principal name is the canonical name of the `KereberosPrincipal` supplying the service, that is the `KerberosPrincipal` represents a Kerberos service principal. This name is treated in a case sensitive manner.

> > Granting this permission implies that the caller can use a cached credential (Ticket Granting Ticket, service ticket or secret key) within the context designated by the action. In the case of the TGT, granting this permission also implies that the TGT can be obtained by an `Authentication Service` exchange.

> > The possible actions are:

> > > `initiate` | Allows the caller to use the credential to initiate a security context with a service principal.
> > > `accept` | Allows the caller to use the credential to accept security context as a particular principal.

> > For example, to specify the permission to access to the TGT to initiate a security context the permission is constructed as follows:

> >          ServicePermission("krbtgt/EXAMPLE.COM@EXAMPLE.COM", "initiate");

> > To obtain a service ticket to initiate a context with the "host" service the permission is constructed as follows:

> > >     ServicePermission("host/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM", "initiate");

> > For a Kerberized server the action is "accept". For example, the permission necessary to access and use the secret key of the Kerberized "host" service (telnet and the likes) would be constructed as follows:

> > >     ServicePermission("host/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM", "accept");

> ## `AudioPermission`

> > The `AudioPermission` class represents access rights to the audio system resources. An `AudioPermission` contains a target name but no actions list; you either have the named permission or you don't.

> > The target name is the name of the audio permission (see the table below). The names follow the hierarchical property-naming convention. Also, an asterisk can be used to represent all the audio permissions.

> > The following table lists the possible `AudioPermission` target names. For each name, the table provides a description of exactly what that permission allows, as well as a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.

> > Permission Target Name | What the Permission Allows | Risks of Allowing this Permission
> > --- | --- | ---
> > `play` | Audio playback through the audio device or devices on the system. Allows the application to obtain and manipulate lines and mixers for audio playback (rendering). | In some cases use of this permission may affect other applications because the audio from one line may be mixed with other audio being played on the system, or because manipulation of a mixer affects the audio for all lines using that mixer.
> > `record` | Audio recording through the audio device or devices on the system. Allows the application to obtain and manipulate lines and mixers for audio recording (capture). | In some cases use of this permission may affect other applications because manipulation of a mixer affects the audio for all lines using that mixer. This permission can enable an applet or application to eavesdrop on a user.

# Methods and the Permissions They Require

> The following table contains a list of all the methods that require permissions, and for each tells which `SecurityManager` method it calls and which permission is checked for by the default implementation of that `SecurityManager` method.

> Thus, with the default `SecurityManager` method implementations, a call to a method in the left-hand column can only be successful if the permission specified in the corresponding entry in the right-hand column is allowed by the policy currently in effect. For example, the following row:

> Method | SecurityManager Method Called | Permission
> --- | --- | ---
>     java.awt.Toolkit
>         getSystemEventQueue();
> | `checkAwtEventQueueAccess` | `java.awt.AWTPermission "accessEventQueue";`

> specifies that a call to the `getSystemEventQueue` method in the `java.awt.Toolkit` class results in a call to the `checkAwtEventQueueAccess` SecurityManager method, which can only be successful if the following permission is granted to code on the call stack:

>       java.awt.AWTPermission "accessEventQueue";

> The convention of:

> Method | SecurityManager Method Called | Permission
> --- | --- | ---
>      some.package.class
>        public static void someMethod(String foo);
> | `checkXXX` | `SomePermission "{foo}";`

> means the runtime value of `foo` replaces the string `{foo}` in the permission name.

> As an example, here is one table entry:

> Method | SecurityManager Method Called | Permission
> --- | --- | ---
>     java.io.FileInputStream
>         FileInputStream(String name)
> | `checkRead(String)` | `java.io.FilePermission "{name}", "read";`

> If the `FileInputStream` method (in this case, a constructor) is called with "/test/MyTestFile" as the `name` argument, as in

>       FileInputStream("/test/MyTestFile");

> then in order for the call to succeed, the following permission must be set in the current policy, allowing read access to the file "/test/MyTestFile":

>       java.io.FilePermission "/test/MyTestFile", "read";

> More specifically, the permission must either be explicitly set, as above, or implied by another permission, such as the following:

>       java.io.FilePermission "/test/*", "read";

> which allows read access to any files in the "/test" directory.

> In some cases, a term in braces is not exactly the same as the name of a specific method argument but is meant to represent the relevant value. Here is an example:

> Method | SecurityManager Method Called | Permission
> --- | --- | ---
>     java.net.DatagramSocket
>       public synchronized void
>           receive(DatagramPacket p);
> | `checkAccept({host}, {port})` | `java.net.SocketPermission "{host}:{port}", "accept";`

> Here, the appropriate host and port values are calculated by the `receive` method and passed to `checkAccept`.

> In most cases, just the name of the SecurityManager method called is listed. Where the method is one of multiple methods of the same name, the argument types are also listed, for example for `checkRead(String)` and `checkRead(FileDescriptor)`. In other cases where arguments may be relevant, they are also listed.

> The following table is ordered by package name. That is, the methods in classes in the `java.awt` package are listed first, followed by methods in classes in the `java.io` package, and so on.

Methods and the Permissions They Require

Method | SecurityManager Method Called | Permission
--- | --- | ---
    java.awt.Graphics2d
      public abstract void
        setComposite(Composite comp)
| checkPermission | java.awt.AWTPermission "readDisplayPixels" if this Graphics2D context is drawing to a Component on the display screen and the Composite is a custom object rather than an instance of the AlphaComposite class. Note: The setComposite method is actually abstract and thus can't invoke security checks. Each actual implementation of the method should call the java.lang.SecurityManager checkPermission method with a java.awt.AWTPermission("readDisplayPixels") permission under the conditions noted.
    java.awt.Robot
      public Robot()
      public Robot(GraphicsDevice screen)
| checkPermission | java.awt.AWTPermission "createRobot"
    java.awt.Toolkit
      public void addAWTEventListener(
              AWTEventListener listener,
              long eventMask)
      public void removeAWTEventListener(
         AWTEventListener listener)
| checkPermission | java.awt.AWTPermission "listenToAllAWTEvents"
    java.awt.Toolkit
      public abstract PrintJob getPrintJob(
               Frame frame, String jobtitle,
               Properties props)
| checkPrintJobAccess | java.lang.RuntimePermission "queuePrintJob" Note: The getPrintJob method is actually abstract and thus can't invoke security checks. Each actual implementation of the method should call the java.lang.SecurityManager checkPrintJobAccess method, which is successful only if the java.lang.RuntimePermission "queuePrintJob" permission is currently allowed.
    java.awt.Toolkit
      public abstract Clipboard
                        getSystemClipboard()
| checkSystemClipboardAccess | java.awt.AWTPermission "accessClipboard" Note: The getSystemClipboard method is actually abstract and thus can't invoke security checks. Each actual implementation of the method should call the java.lang.SecurityManager checkSystemClipboardAccess method, which is successful only if the java.awt.AWTPermission "accessClipboard" permission is currently allowed.
    java.awt.Toolkit
      public final EventQueue
                   getSystemEventQueue()
| checkAwtEventQueueAccess | java.awt.AWTPermission "accessEventQueue"
    java.awt.Window
      Window()
| checkTopLevelWindow | If java.awt.AWTPermission "showWindowWithoutWarningBanner" is set, the window will be displayed without a banner warning that the window was created by an applet. It it's not set, such a banner will be displayed.
    java.beans.Beans
      public static void setDesignTime(
                     boolean isDesignTime)
      public static void setGuiAvailable(
                     boolean isGuiAvailable)

    java.beans.Introspector
      public static synchronized void
        setBeanInfoSearchPath(String path[])

    java.beans.PropertyEditorManager
      public static void registerEditor(
                     Class targetType,
                     Class editorClass)
      public static synchronized void
        setEditorSearchPath(String path[])
| checkPropertiesAccess | java.util.PropertyPermission "*", "read,write"
    java.io.File
      public boolean delete()
      public void deleteOnExit()
| checkDelete(String) | java.io.FilePermission "{name}", "delete"
    java.io.FileInputStream
      FileInputStream(FileDescriptor fdObj)
| checkRead(FileDescriptor) | java.lang.RuntimePermission "readFileDescriptor"
    java.io.FileInputStream
      FileInputStream(String name)
      FileInputStream(File file)

    java.io.File
      public boolean exists()
      public boolean canRead()
      public boolean isFile()
      public boolean isDirectory()
      public boolean isHidden()
      public long lastModified()
      public long length()
      public String[] list()
      public String[] list(
               FilenameFilter filter)
      public File[] listFiles()
      public File[] listFiles(
               FilenameFilter filter)
      public File[] listFiles(
               FileFilter filter)

    java.io.RandomAccessFile
      RandomAccessFile(String name, String mode)
      RandomAccessFile(File file, String mode)
          (where mode is "r" in both of these)
| checkRead(String) | java.io.FilePermission "{name}", "read"
    java.io.FileOutputStream
      FileOutputStream(FileDescriptor fdObj)
| checkWrite(FileDescriptor) | java.lang.RuntimePermission "writeFileDescriptor"
    java.io.FileOutputStream
      FileOutputStream(File file)
      FileOutputStream(String name)
      FileOutputStream(String name,
                       boolean append)

    java.io.File
      public boolean canWrite()
      public boolean createNewFile()
      public static File createTempFile(
              String prefix, String suffix)
      public static File createTempFile(
              String prefix,  String suffix,
              File directory)
      public boolean mkdir()
      public boolean mkdirs()
      public boolean renameTo(File dest)
      public boolean setLastModified(long time)
      public boolean setReadOnly()
| checkWrite(String) | java.io.FilePermission "{name}", "write"
    java.io.ObjectInputStream
      protected final boolean
        enableResolveObject(boolean enable);

    java.io.ObjectOutputStream
      protected final boolean
        enableReplaceObject(boolean enable)
| checkPermission | java.io.SerializablePermission "enableSubstitution"
    java.io.ObjectInputStream
      protected ObjectInputStream()

    java.io.ObjectOutputStream
      protected ObjectOutputStream()
| checkPermission | java.io.SerializablePermission "enableSubclassImplementation"
    java.io.RandomAccessFile
      RandomAccessFile(String name, String mode)
          (where mode is "rw")
| checkRead(String) and checkWrite(String) | java.io.FilePermission "{name}", "read,write"
    java.lang.Class
      public static Class forName(
         String name, boolean initialize,
         ClassLoader loader)
| checkPermission | If `loader` is null, and the caller's class loader is not null, then java.lang.RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")
    java.lang.Class
      public ClassLoader getClassLoader()
| checkPermission | If the caller's class loader is null, or is the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the class whose class loader is being requested, no permission is needed. Otherwise, java.lang.RuntimePermission "getClassLoader" is required.
    java.lang.Class
      public Class[] getDeclaredClasses()
      public Field[] getDeclaredFields()
      public Method[] getDeclaredMethods()
      public Constructor[]
        getDeclaredConstructors()
      public Field getDeclaredField(
                           String name)
      public Method getDeclaredMethod(...)
      public Constructor
        getDeclaredConstructor(...)
| checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED) and, if this class is in a package, checkPackageAccess({pkgName}) | Default checkMemberAccess does not require any permissions if "this" class's classloader is the same as that of the caller. Otherwise, it requires java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessDeclaredMembers". If this class is in a package, java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.{pkgName}" is also required.
    java.lang.Class
      public Class[] getClasses()
      public Field[] getFields()
      public Method[] getMethods()
      public Constructor[] getConstructors()
      public Field getField(String name)
      public Method getMethod(...)
      public Constructor getConstructor(...)
| checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC) and, if class is in a package, checkPackageAccess({pkgName}) | Default checkMemberAccess does not require any permissions when the access type is Member.PUBLIC. If this class is in a package, java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.{pkgName}" is required.
    java.lang.Class
       public ProtectionDomain
                getProtectionDomain()
| checkPermission | java.lang.RuntimePermission "getProtectionDomain"
    java.lang.ClassLoader
      ClassLoader()
      ClassLoader(ClassLoader parent)
| checkCreateClassLoader | java.lang.RuntimePermission "createClassLoader"
    java.lang.ClassLoader
      public static ClassLoader
               getSystemClassLoader()
      public ClassLoader getParent()
| checkPermission | If the caller's class loader is null, or is the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the class whose class loader is being requested, no permission is needed. Otherwise, java.lang.RuntimePermission "getClassLoader" is required.
    java.lang.Runtime
      public Process exec(String command)
      public Process exec(String command,
                          String envp[])
      public Process exec(String cmdarray[])
      public Process exec(String cmdarray[],
                          String envp[])
| checkExec | java.io.FilePermission "{command}", "execute"
    java.lang.Runtime
      public void exit(int status)
      public static void
          runFinalizersOnExit(boolean value)
    java.lang.System
      public static void exit(int status)
      public static void
          runFinalizersOnExit(boolean value)
| checkExit(status) where status is 0 for runFinalizersOnExit | java.lang.RuntimePermission "exitVM.{status}"
    java.lang.Runtime
      public void addShutdownHook(Thread hook)
      public boolean removeShutdownHook(Thread hook)
| checkPermission | java.lang.RuntimePermission "shutdownHooks"
    java.lang.Runtime
      public void load(String lib)
      public void loadLibrary(String lib)
    java.lang.System
      public static void load(String filename)
      public static void loadLibrary(
                              String libname)
| checkLink({libName}) where {libName} is the lib, filename or libname argument | java.lang.RuntimePermission "loadLibrary.{libName}"
    java.lang.SecurityManager methods
| checkPermission | See the next table.
    java.lang.System
      public static Properties
          getProperties()
      public static void
          setProperties(Properties props)
| checkPropertiesAccess | java.util.PropertyPermission "*", "read,write"
    java.lang.System
      public static String
          getProperty(String key)
      public static String
          getProperty(String key, String def)
| checkPropertyAccess | java.util.PropertyPermission "{key}", "read"
    java.lang.System
      public static void setIn(InputStream in)
      public static void setOut(PrintStream out)
      public static void setErr(PrintStream err)
| checkPermission | java.lang.RuntimePermission "setIO"
    java.lang.System
      public static String
        setProperty(String key, String value)
| checkPermission | java.util.PropertyPermission "{key}", "write"
    java.lang.System
      public static synchronized void
        setSecurityManager(SecurityManager s)
| checkPermission | java.lang.RuntimePermission "setSecurityManager"
    java.lang.Thread
      public ClassLoader getContextClassLoader()
| checkPermission | If the caller's class loader is null, or is the same as or an ancestor of the context class loader for the thread whose context class loader is being requested, no permission is needed. Otherwise, java.lang.RuntimePermission "getClassLoader" is required.
    java.lang.Thread
      public void setContextClassLoader
                          (ClassLoader cl)
| checkPermission | java.lang.RuntimePermission "setContextClassLoader"
    java.lang.Thread
      public final void checkAccess()
      public void interrupt()
      public final void suspend()
      public final void resume()
      public final void setPriority
                         (int newPriority)
      public final void setName(String name)
      public final void setDaemon(boolean on)
| checkAccess(this) | java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThread"
    java.lang.Thread
      public static int
          enumerate(Thread tarray[])
| checkAccess({threadGroup}) | java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThreadGroup"
    java.lang.Thread
      public final void stop()
| checkAccess(this). Also checkPermission if the current thread is trying to stop a thread other than itself. | java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThread". Also java.lang.RuntimePermission "stopThread" if the current thread is trying to stop a thread other than itself.
    java.lang.Thread
      public final synchronized void
                        stop(Throwable obj)
| checkAccess(this). Also checkPermission if the current thread is trying to stop a thread other than itself or obj is not an instance of ThreadDeath. | java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThread". Also java.lang.RuntimePermission "stopThread" if the current thread is trying to stop a thread other than itself or obj is not an instance of ThreadDeath.
    java.lang.Thread
      Thread()
      Thread(Runnable target)
      Thread(String name)
      Thread(Runnable target, String name)

    java.lang.ThreadGroup
      ThreadGroup(String name)
      ThreadGroup(ThreadGroup parent,
                  String name)
| checkAccess({parentThreadGroup}) | java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThreadGroup"
    java.lang.Thread
      Thread(ThreadGroup group, ...)

    java.lang.ThreadGroup
      public final void checkAccess()
      public int enumerate(Thread list[])
      public int enumerate(Thread list[],
          boolean recurse)
      public int enumerate(ThreadGroup list[])
      public int enumerate(ThreadGroup list[],
          boolean recurse)
      public final ThreadGroup getParent()
      public final void
          setDaemon(boolean daemon)
      public final void setMaxPriority(int pri)
      public final void suspend()
      public final void resume()
      public final void destroy()
| checkAccess(this) for ThreadGroup methods, or checkAccess(group) for Thread methods | java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThreadGroup"
    java.lang.ThreadGroup
      public final void interrupt()
| checkAccess(this) | Requires java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThreadGroup". Also requires java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThread", since the java.lang.Thread interrupt() method is called for each thread in the thread group and in all of its subgroups. See the Thread interrupt() method.
    java.lang.ThreadGroup
      public final void stop()
| checkAccess(this) | Requires java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThreadGroup". Also requires java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThread" and possibly java.lang.RuntimePermission "stopThread", since the java.lang.Thread stop() method is called for each thread in the thread group and in all of its subgroups. See the Thread stop() method.
    java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject
      public static void setAccessible(...)
      public void setAccessible(...)
| checkPermission | java.lang.reflect.ReflectPermission "suppressAccessChecks"
    java.net.Authenticator
      public static PasswordAuthentication
           requestPasswordAuthentication(
                 InetAddress addr,
                 int port,
                 String protocol,
                 String prompt,
                 String scheme)
| checkPermission | java.net.NetPermission "requestPasswordAuthentication"
    java.net.Authenticator
      public static void
          setDefault(Authenticator a)
| checkPermission | java.net.NetPermission "setDefaultAuthenticator"
    java.net.MulticastSocket
      public void
          joinGroup(InetAddress mcastaddr)
      public void
          leaveGroup(InetAddress mcastaddr)
| checkMulticast(InetAddress) | java.net.SocketPermission( mcastaddr.getHostAddress(), "accept,connect")
    java.net.DatagramSocket
      public void send(DatagramPacket p)
| checkMulticast(p.getAddress()) or checkConnect( p.getAddress().getHostAddress(), p.getPort()) | if (p.getAddress().isMulticastAddress()) { java.net.SocketPermission( (p.getAddress()).getHostAddress(), "accept,connect") } else { port = p.getPort(); host = p.getAddress().getHostAddress(); if (port == -1) java.net.SocketPermission "{host}","resolve"; else java.net.SocketPermission "{host}:{port}","connect" }
    java.net.MulticastSocket
      public synchronized void
          send(DatagramPacket p, byte ttl)
| checkMulticast(p.getAddress(), ttl) or checkConnect( p.getAddress().getHostAddress(), p.getPort()) | if (p.getAddress().isMulticastAddress()) { java.net.SocketPermission( (p.getAddress()).getHostAddress(), "accept,connect") } else { port = p.getPort(); host = p.getAddress().getHostAddress(); if (port == -1) java.net.SocketPermission "{host}","resolve"; else java.net.SocketPermission "{host}:{port}","connect" }
    java.net.InetAddress
      public String getHostName()
      public static InetAddress[]
                      getAllByName(String host)
      public static InetAddress getLocalHost()

    java.net.DatagramSocket
      public InetAddress getLocalAddress()
| checkConnect({host}, -1) | java.net.SocketPermission "{host}", "resolve"
    java.net.ServerSocket
      ServerSocket(...)

    java.net.DatagramSocket
      DatagramSocket(...)

    java.net.MulticastSocket
      MulticastSocket(...)
| checkListen({port}) | if (port == 0) java.net.SocketPermission "localhost:1024-","listen"; else java.net.SocketPermission "localhost:{port}","listen"
    java.net.ServerSocket
      public Socket accept()
      protected final void implAccept(Socket s)
| checkAccept({host}, {port}) | java.net.SocketPermission "{host}:{port}", "accept"
    java.net.ServerSocket
      public static synchronized void
          setSocketFactory(...)

    java.net.Socket
      public static synchronized void
          setSocketImplFactory(...)

    java.net.URL
      public static synchronized void
          setURLStreamHandlerFactory(...)

     java.net.URLConnection
       public static synchronized void
          setContentHandlerFactory(...)
       public static void
          setFileNameMap(FileNameMap map)

    java.net.HttpURLConnection
       public static void
           setFollowRedirects(boolean set)

    java.rmi.activation.ActivationGroup
      public static synchronized
            ActivationGroup createGroup(...)
      public static synchronized void
          setSystem(ActivationSystem system)

    java.rmi.server.RMISocketFactory
       public synchronized static void
          setSocketFactory(...)
| checkSetFactory | java.lang.RuntimePermission "setFactory"
    java.net.Socket
      Socket(...)
| checkConnect({host}, {port}) | java.net.SocketPermission "{host}:{port}", "connect"
    java.net.DatagramSocket
      public synchronized void
          receive(DatagramPacket p)
| checkAccept({host}, {port}) | java.net.SocketPermission "{host}:{port}", "accept"
    java.net.URL
      URL(...)
| checkPermission | java.net.NetPermission "specifyStreamHandler"
    java.net.URLClassLoader
      URLClassLoader(...)
| checkCreateClassLoader | java.lang.RuntimePermission "createClassLoader"
    java.security.AccessControlContext
      public AccessControlContext(AccessControlContext acc,
                                    DomainCombiner combiner)
      public DomainCombiner getDomainCombiner()
| checkPermission | java.security.SecurityPermission "createAccessControlContext"
    java.security.Identity
      public void addCertificate(...)
| checkSecurityAccess( "addIdentityCertificate") | java.security.SecurityPermission "addIdentityCertificate"
    java.security.Identity
      public void removeCertificate(...)
| checkSecurityAccess( "removeIdentityCertificate") | java.security.SecurityPermission "removeIdentityCertificate"
    java.security.Identity
      public void setInfo(String info)
| checkSecurityAccess( "setIdentityInfo") | java.security.SecurityPermission "setIdentityInfo"
    java.security.Identity
      public void setPublicKey(PublicKey key)
| checkSecurityAccess( "setIdentityPublicKey") | java.security.SecurityPermission "setIdentityPublicKey"
    java.security.Identity
      public String toString(...)
| checkSecurityAccess( "printIdentity") | java.security.SecurityPermission "printIdentity"
    java.security.IdentityScope
      protected static void setSystemScope()
| checkSecurityAccess( "setSystemScope") | java.security.SecurityPermission "setSystemScope"
    java.security.Permission
      public void checkGuard(Object object)
| checkPermission(this) | this Permission object is the permission checked
    java.security.Policy
      public static Policy getPolicy()
| checkPermission | java.security.SecurityPermission "getPolicy"
    java.security.Policy
      public static void
          setPolicy(Policy policy)
| checkPermission | java.security.SecurityPermission "setPolicy"
    java.security.Policy
      public static Policy
          getInstance(String type, SpiParameter params)
          getInstance(String type, SpiParameter params, String provider)
          getInstance(String type, SpiParameter params, Provider provider)
| checkPermission | java.security.SecurityPermission "createPolicy.{type}"
    java.security.Provider
      public synchronized void clear()
| checkSecurityAccess( "clearProviderProperties."+{name}) | java.security.SecurityPermission "clearProviderProperties.{name}" where name is the provider name.
    java.security.Provider
      public synchronized Object
          put(Object key, Object value)
| checkSecurityAccess( "putProviderProperty."+{name}) | java.security.SecurityPermission "putProviderProperty.{name}" where name is the provider name.
    java.security.Provider
      public synchronized Object
          remove(Object key)
| checkSecurityAccess( "removeProviderProperty."+{name}) | java.security.SecurityPermission "removeProviderProperty.{name}" where name is the provider name.
    java.security.SecureClassLoader
      SecureClassLoader(...)
| checkCreateClassLoader | java.lang.RuntimePermission "createClassLoader"
    java.security.Security
      public static void getProperty(String key)
| checkPermission | java.security.SecurityPermission "getProperty.{key}"
    java.security.Security
      public static int
          addProvider(Provider provider)
      public static int
          insertProviderAt(Provider provider,
                           int position);
| checkSecurityAccess( "insertProvider."+provider.getName()) | java.security.SecurityPermission "insertProvider.{name}"
    java.security.Security
      public static void
          removeProvider(String name)
| checkSecurityAccess( "removeProvider."+name) | java.security.SecurityPermission "removeProvider.{name}"
    java.security.Security
      public static void
        setProperty(String key, String datum)
| checkSecurityAccess( "setProperty."+key) | java.security.SecurityPermission "setProperty.{key}"
    java.security.Signer
      public PrivateKey getPrivateKey()
| checkSecurityAccess( "getSignerPrivateKey") | java.security.SecurityPermission "getSignerPrivateKey"
    java.security.Signer
      public final void
          setKeyPair(KeyPair pair)
| checkSecurityAccess( "setSignerKeypair") | java.security.SecurityPermission "setSignerKeypair"
    java.sql.DriverManager
      public static synchronized void
          setLogWriter(PrintWriter out)
| checkPermission | java.sql.SQLPermission "setLog"
    java.sql.DriverManager
      public static synchronized void
          setLogStream(PrintWriter out)
| checkPermission | java.sql.SQLPermission "setLog"
    java.util.Locale
      public static synchronized void
                setDefault(Locale newLocale)
| checkPermission | java.util.PropertyPermission "user.language","write"
    java.util.zip.ZipFile
      ZipFile(String name)
| checkRead | java.io.FilePermission "{name}","read"
    javax.security.auth.Subject
        public static Subject getSubject(final AccessControlContext acc)
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "getSubject"
    javax.security.auth.Subject
        public void setReadOnly()
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "setReadOnly"
    javax.security.auth.Subject
        public static Object doAs(final Subject subject,
                                    final PrivilegedAction action)
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "doAs"
    javax.security.auth.Subject
        public static Object doAs(final Subject subject,
                                    final PrivilegedExceptionAction action)
            throws java.security.PrivilegedActionException
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "doAs"
    javax.security.auth.Subject
        public static Object doAsPrivileged(final Subject subject,
                                    final PrivilegedAction action,
                                    final AccessControlContext acc)
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "doAsPrivileged"
    javax.security.auth.Subject
        public static Object doAsPrivileged(final Subject subject,
                                    final PrivilegedExceptionAction action,
                                    final AccessControlContext acc)
            throws java.security.PrivilegedActionException
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "doAsPrivileged"
    javax.security.auth.SubjectDomainCombiner
        public Subject getSubject()
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "getSubjectFromDomainCombiner"
    javax.security.auth.SubjectDomainCombiner
        public Subject getSubject()
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "getSubjectFromDomainCombiner"
    javax.security.auth.login.LoginContext
        public LoginContext(String name)
            throws LoginException
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "createLoginContext.{name}"
    javax.security.auth.login.LoginContext
        public LoginContext(String name,
                            Subject subject)
             throws LoginException
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "createLoginContext.{name}"
    javax.security.auth.login.LoginContext
        public LoginContext(String name,
                            CallbackHandler callbackHandler)
             throws LoginException
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "createLoginContext.{name}"
    javax.security.auth.login.LoginContext
        public LoginContext(String name,
                            Subject subject,
                            CallbackHandler callbackHandler)
             throws LoginException
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "createLoginContext.{name}"
    javax.security.auth.login.Configuration
        public static Configuration getConfiguration()
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "getLoginConfiguration"
    javax.security.auth.login.Configuration
        public static void setConfiguration(Configuration configuration)
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "setLoginConfiguration"
    javax.security.auth.login.Configuration
        public static void refresh()
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "refreshLoginConfiguration"
    javax.security.auth.login.Configuration
      public static Configuration
          getInstance(String type, SpiParameter params)
          getInstance(String type, SpiParameter params, String provider)
          getInstance(String type, SpiParameter params, Provider provider)
| checkPermission | javax.security.auth.AuthPermission "createLoginConfiguration.{type}"

# java.lang.SecurityManager Method Permission Checks

This table shows which permissions are checked for by the default implementations of the `java.lang.SecurityManager` methods.

Each of the specified `check` methods calls the `SecurityManager` `checkPermission` method with the specified permission, except for the `checkConnect` and `checkRead` methods that take a context argument. Those methods expect the context to be an `AccessControlContext` and they call the context's `checkPermission` method with the specified permission.

Method | Permission
--- | ---
public void checkAccept(String host, int port); | java.net.SocketPermission "{host}:{port}", "accept";
public void checkAccess(Thread g); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThread");
public void checkAccess(ThreadGroup g); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "modifyThreadGroup");
public void checkAwtEventQueueAccess(); | java.awt.AWTPermission "accessEventQueue";
public void checkConnect(String host, int port); | if (port == -1) java.net.SocketPermission "{host}","resolve"; else java.net.SocketPermission "{host}:{port}","connect";
public void checkConnect(String host, int port, Object context); | if (port == -1) java.net.SocketPermission "{host}","resolve"; else java.net.SocketPermission "{host}:{port}","connect";
public void checkCreateClassLoader(); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "createClassLoader";
public void checkDelete(String file); | java.io.FilePermission "{file}", "delete";
public void checkExec(String cmd); | if cmd is an absolute path: java.io.FilePermission "{cmd}", "execute"; else java.io.FilePermission "-", "execute";
public void checkExit(int status); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "exitVM.{status}";
public void checkLink(String lib); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "loadLibrary.{lib}";
public void checkListen(int port); | if (port == 0) java.net.SocketPermission "localhost:1024-","listen"; else java.net.SocketPermission "localhost:{port}","listen";
public void checkMemberAccess(Class clazz, int which); |
    if (which != Member.PUBLIC) {
      if (currentClassLoader() != clazz.getClassLoader()) {
        checkPermission(
          new java.lang.RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers"));
      }
    }
public void checkMulticast(InetAddress maddr); | java.net.SocketPermission(maddr.getHostAddress(),"accept,connect");
public void checkMulticast(InetAddress maddr, byte ttl); | java.net.SocketPermission(maddr.getHostAddress(),"accept,connect");
public void checkPackageAccess(String pkg); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.{pkg}";
public void checkPackageDefinition(String pkg); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "defineClassInPackage.{pkg}";
public void checkPrintJobAccess(); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "queuePrintJob";
public void checkPropertiesAccess(); | java.util.PropertyPermission "*", "read,write";
public void checkPropertyAccess(String key); | java.util.PropertyPermission "{key}", "read,write";
public void checkRead(FileDescriptor fd); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "readFileDescriptor";
public void checkRead(String file); | java.io.FilePermission "{file}", "read";
public void checkRead(String file, Object context); | java.io.FilePermission "{file}", "read";
public void checkSecurityAccess(String action); | java.security.SecurityPermission "{action}";
public void checkSetFactory(); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "setFactory";
public void checkSystemClipboardAccess(); | java.awt.AWTPermission "accessClipboard";
public boolean checkTopLevelWindow(Object window); | java.awt.AWTPermission "showWindowWithoutWarningBanner";
public void checkWrite(FileDescriptor fd); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "writeFileDescriptor";
public void checkWrite(String file); | java.io.FilePermission "{file}", "write";
public SecurityManager(); | java.lang.RuntimePermission "createSecurityManager";

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